ES|QL string functions

Serverless Stack

ES|QL supports these string functions:

BIT_LENGTH
BYTE_LENGTH
CONCAT
CONTAINS
ENDS_WITH
FROM_BASE64
HASH
LEFT
LENGTH
LOCATE
LTRIM
MD5
REPEAT
REPLACE
REVERSE
RIGHT
RTRIM
SHA1
SHA256
SPACE
SPLIT
STARTS_WITH
SUBSTRING
TO_BASE64
TO_LOWER
TO_UPPER
TRIM
URL_ENCODE
URL_ENCODE_COMPONENT
URL_DECODE

`BIT_LENGTH`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Returns the bit length of a string.

Note

All strings are in UTF-8, so a single character can use multiple bytes.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	integer
text	integer

Example

		FROM airports
| WHERE country == "India"
| KEEP city
| EVAL fn_length = LENGTH(city), fn_bit_length = BIT_LENGTH(city)
		
	

city:keyword	fn_length:integer	fn_bit_length:integer
Agwār	5	48
Ahmedabad	9	72
Bangalore	9	72

`BYTE_LENGTH`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Returns the byte length of a string.

Note

All strings are in UTF-8, so a single character can use multiple bytes.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	integer
text	integer

Example

		FROM airports
| WHERE country == "India"
| KEEP city
| EVAL fn_length = LENGTH(city), fn_byte_length = BYTE_LENGTH(city)
		
	

city:keyword	fn_length:integer	fn_byte_length:integer
Agwār	5	6
Ahmedabad	9	9
Bangalore	9	9

`CHUNK`

Serverless Preview Stack Planned

Syntax

Parameters

field: The input to chunk.
chunking_settings: Options to customize chunking behavior. Defaults to {"strategy":"sentence","max_chunk_size":300,"sentence_overlap":0}.

Description

Use CHUNK to split a text field into smaller chunks.

Chunk can be used on fields from the text famiy like text and semantic_text. Chunk will split a text field into smaller chunks, using a sentence-based chunking strategy. The number of chunks returned, and the length of the sentences used to create the chunks can be specified.

Supported types

field	chunking_settings	result
keyword		keyword
text		keyword

Supported function named parameters

separator_group: (keyword) Sets a predefined lists of separators based on the selected text type. Values may be markdown or plaintext. Only applicable to the recursive chunking strategy. When using the recursive chunking strategy one of separators or separator_group must be specified.
overlap: (integer) The number of overlapping words for chunks. It is applicable only to a word chunking strategy. This value cannot be higher than half the max_chunk_size value.
sentence_overlap: (integer) The number of overlapping sentences for chunks. It is applicable only for a sentence chunking strategy. It can be either 1 or 0.
strategy: (keyword) The chunking strategy to use. Default value is sentence.
max_chunk_size: (integer) The maximum size of a chunk in words. This value cannot be lower than 20 (for sentence strategy) or 10 (for word or recursive strategies). This model should not exceed the window size for any associated models using the output of this function.
separators: (keyword) A list of strings used as possible split points when chunking text. Each string can be a plain string or a regular expression (regex) pattern. The system tries each separator in order to split the text, starting from the first item in the list. After splitting, it attempts to recombine smaller pieces into larger chunks that stay within the max_chunk_size limit, to reduce the total number of chunks generated. Only applicable to the recursive chunking strategy. When using the recursive chunking strategy one of separators or separator_group must be specified.

Examples

Stack Planned

		FROM books
| EVAL chunks = CHUNK(description)

book_no:keyword	title:text	chunks:keyword
1211	The brothers Karamazov	In 1880 Dostoevsky completed The Brothers Karamazov, the literary effort for which he had been preparing all his life. Compelling, profound, complex, it is the story of a patricide and of the four sons who each had a motive for murder: Dmitry, the sensualist, Ivan, the intellectual, Alyosha, the mystic, and twisted, cunning Smerdyakov, the bastard child. Frequently lurid, nightmarish, always brilliant, the novel plunges the reader into a sordid love triangle, a pathological obsession, and a gripping courtroom drama. But throughout the whole, Dostoevsky searhes for the truth--about man, about life, about the existence of God. A terrifying answer to man's eternal questions, this monumental work remains the crowning achievement of perhaps the finest novelist of all time. From the Paperback edition.
1463	Realms of Tolkien: Images of Middle-earth	Twenty new and familiar Tolkien artists are represented in this fabulous volume, breathing an extraordinary variety of life into 58 different scenes, each of which is accompanied by appropriate passage from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion
1502	Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends	Nikolai Gogol wrote some letters to his friends, none of which were a nose of high rank. Many are reproduced here (the letters, not noses).
1937	The Best Short Stories of Dostoevsky (Modern Library)	This collection, unique to the Modern Library, gathers seven of Dostoevsky's key works and shows him to be equally adept at the short story as with the novel. Exploring many of the same themes as in his longer works, these small masterpieces move from the tender and romantic White Nights, an archetypal nineteenth-century morality tale of pathos and loss, to the famous Notes from the Underground, a story of guilt, ineffectiveness, and uncompromising cynicism, and the first major work of existential literature. Among Dostoevsky's prototypical characters is Yemelyan in The Honest Thief, whose tragedy turns on an inability to resist crime. Presented in chronological order, in David Magarshack's celebrated translation, this is the definitive edition of Dostoevsky's best stories.
1985	Brothers Karamazov	Four brothers reunite in their hometown in Russia. The murder of their father forces the brothers to question their beliefs about each other, religion, and morality.

Stack Planned

		FROM books
| EVAL chunks = CHUNK(description, {"strategy": "sentence", "max_chunk_size": 20, "sentence_overlap": 0})

book_no:keyword	title:text	chunks:keyword
1211	The brothers Karamazov	[In 1880 Dostoevsky completed The Brothers Karamazov, the literary effort for which he had been preparing all his life., Compelling, profound, complex, it is the story of a patricide and of the four sons who each had a motive, of the four sons who each had a motive for murder: Dmitry, the sensualist, Ivan, the intellectual, Alyosha, the mystic, : Dmitry, the sensualist, Ivan, the intellectual, Alyosha, the mystic, and twisted, cunning Smerdyakov, the bastard child., Frequently lurid, nightmarish, always brilliant, the novel plunges the reader into a sordid love triangle, a pathological obsession, and a, a sordid love triangle, a pathological obsession, and a gripping courtroom drama., But throughout the whole, Dostoevsky searhes for the truth--about man, about life, about the existence of God., A terrifying answer to man's eternal questions, this monumental work remains the crowning achievement of perhaps the finest novelist of, the crowning achievement of perhaps the finest novelist of all time. From the Paperback edition.]
1463	Realms of Tolkien: Images of Middle-earth	[Twenty new and familiar Tolkien artists are represented in this fabulous volume, breathing an extraordinary variety of life into 58, volume, breathing an extraordinary variety of life into 58 different scenes, each of which is accompanied by appropriate passage from, , each of which is accompanied by appropriate passage from The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion]
1502	Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends	[Nikolai Gogol wrote some letters to his friends, none of which were a nose of high rank., Many are reproduced here (the letters, not noses).]
1937	The Best Short Stories of Dostoevsky (Modern Library)	[This collection, unique to the Modern Library, gathers seven of Dostoevsky's key works and shows him to be equally adept, key works and shows him to be equally adept at the short story as with the novel., Exploring many of the same themes as in his longer works, these small masterpieces move from the tender and romantic, , these small masterpieces move from the tender and romantic White Nights, an archetypal nineteenth-century morality tale of pathos and, , an archetypal nineteenth-century morality tale of pathos and loss, to the famous Notes from the Underground, a story of, the famous Notes from the Underground, a story of guilt, ineffectiveness, and uncompromising cynicism, and the first major work of, , and uncompromising cynicism, and the first major work of existential literature., Among Dostoevsky's prototypical characters is Yemelyan in The Honest Thief, whose tragedy turns on an inability to resist crime., Presented in chronological order, in David Magarshack's celebrated translation, this is the definitive edition of Dostoevsky's best stories.]
1985	Brothers Karamazov	[Four brothers reunite in their hometown in Russia., The murder of their father forces the brothers to question their beliefs about each other, religion, and morality.]

`CONCAT`

Syntax

Parameters

string1: Strings to concatenate.
string2: Strings to concatenate.

Description

Concatenates two or more strings.

Supported types

string1	string2	result
keyword	keyword	keyword
keyword	text	keyword
text	keyword	keyword
text	text	keyword

Example

		FROM employees
| KEEP first_name, last_name
| EVAL fullname = CONCAT(first_name, " ", last_name)
		
	

first_name:keyword	last_name:keyword	fullname:keyword
Alejandro	McAlpine	Alejandro McAlpine
Amabile	Gomatam	Amabile Gomatam
Anneke	Preusig	Anneke Preusig

`CONTAINS`

Stack 9.2.0

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression: input string to check against. If null, the function returns null.
substring: String expression: A substring to find in the input string. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Returns a boolean that indicates whether a keyword substring is within another string. Returns null if either parameter is null.

Supported types

string	substring	result
keyword	keyword	boolean
keyword	text	boolean
text	keyword	boolean
text	text	boolean

Example

		ROW a = "hello"
| EVAL has_ll = CONTAINS(a, "ll")

a:keyword	has_ll:boolean
hello	true

`ENDS_WITH`

Syntax

Parameters

str: String expression. If null, the function returns null.
suffix: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Returns a boolean that indicates whether a keyword string ends with another string.

Supported types

str	suffix	result
keyword	keyword	boolean
keyword	text	boolean
text	keyword	boolean
text	text	boolean

Example

		FROM employees
| KEEP last_name
| EVAL ln_E = ENDS_WITH(last_name, "d")
		
	

last_name:keyword	ln_E:boolean
Awdeh	false
Azuma	false
Baek	false
Bamford	true
Bernatsky	false

`FROM_BASE64`

Syntax

Parameters

string: A base64 string.

Description

Decode a base64 string.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW a = "ZWxhc3RpYw=="
| EVAL d = FROM_BASE64(a)

a:keyword	d:keyword
ZWxhc3RpYw==	elastic

`HASH`

Syntax

Parameters

algorithm: Hash algorithm to use.
input: Input to hash.

Description

Computes the hash of the input using various algorithms such as MD5, SHA, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512.

Supported types

algorithm	input	result
keyword	keyword	keyword
keyword	text	keyword
text	keyword	keyword
text	text	keyword

Example

		FROM sample_data
| WHERE message != "Connection error"
| EVAL md5 = hash("md5", message), sha256 = hash("sha256", message)
| KEEP message, md5, sha256
		
	

message:keyword	md5:keyword	sha256:keyword
Connected to 10.1.0.1	abd7d1ce2bb636842a29246b3512dcae	6d8372129ad78770f7185554dd39864749a62690216460752d6c075fa38ad85c
Connected to 10.1.0.2	8f8f1cb60832d153f5b9ec6dc828b93f	b0db24720f15857091b3c99f4c4833586d0ea3229911b8777efb8d917cf27e9a
Connected to 10.1.0.3	912b6dc13503165a15de43304bb77c78	75b0480188db8acc4d5cc666a51227eb2bc5b989cd8ca912609f33e0846eff57
Disconnected	ef70e46fd3bbc21e3e1f0b6815e750c0	04dfac3671b494ad53fcd152f7a14511bfb35747278aad8ce254a0d6e4ba4718

`LEFT`

Syntax

Parameters

string: The string from which to return a substring.
length: The number of characters to return.

Description

Returns the substring that extracts length chars from string starting from the left.

Supported types

string	length	result
keyword	integer	keyword
text	integer	keyword

Example

		FROM employees
| KEEP last_name
| EVAL left = LEFT(last_name, 3)
		
	

last_name:keyword	left:keyword
Awdeh	Awd
Azuma	Azu
Baek	Bae
Bamford	Bam
Bernatsky	Ber

`LENGTH`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Returns the character length of a string.

Note

All strings are in UTF-8, so a single character can use multiple bytes.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	integer
text	integer

Example

		FROM airports
| WHERE country == "India"
| KEEP city
| EVAL fn_length = LENGTH(city)
		
	

city:keyword	fn_length:integer
Agwār	5
Ahmedabad	9
Bangalore	9

`LOCATE`

Syntax

Parameters

string: An input string
substring: A substring to locate in the input string
start: The start index

Description

Returns an integer that indicates the position of a keyword substring within another string. Returns 0 if the substring cannot be found. Note that string positions start from 1.

Supported types

string	substring	start	result
keyword	keyword	integer	integer
keyword	keyword		integer
keyword	text	integer	integer
keyword	text		integer
text	keyword	integer	integer
text	keyword		integer
text	text	integer	integer
text	text		integer

Example

		ROW a = "hello"
| EVAL a_ll = LOCATE(a, "ll")

a:keyword	a_ll:integer
hello	3

`LTRIM`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Removes leading whitespaces from a string.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW message = "   some text  ",  color = " red "
| EVAL message = LTRIM(message)
| EVAL color = LTRIM(color)
| EVAL message = CONCAT("'", message, "'")
| EVAL color = CONCAT("'", color, "'")
		
	

message:keyword	color:keyword
'some text '	'red '

`MD5`

Syntax

Parameters

input: Input to hash.

Description

Computes the MD5 hash of the input (if the MD5 hash is available on the JVM).

Supported types

input	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		FROM sample_data
| WHERE message != "Connection error"
| EVAL md5 = md5(message)
| KEEP message, md5
		
	

message:keyword	md5:keyword
Connected to 10.1.0.1	abd7d1ce2bb636842a29246b3512dcae
Connected to 10.1.0.2	8f8f1cb60832d153f5b9ec6dc828b93f
Connected to 10.1.0.3	912b6dc13503165a15de43304bb77c78
Disconnected	ef70e46fd3bbc21e3e1f0b6815e750c0

`REPEAT`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression.
number: Number times to repeat.

Description

Returns a string constructed by concatenating string with itself the specified number of times.

Supported types

string	number	result
keyword	integer	keyword
text	integer	keyword

Example

		ROW a = "Hello!"
| EVAL triple_a = REPEAT(a, 3)

a:keyword	triple_a:keyword
Hello!	Hello!Hello!Hello!

`REPLACE`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression.
regex: Regular expression.
newString: Replacement string.

Description

The function substitutes in the string str any match of the regular expression regex with the replacement string newStr.

Supported types

string	regex	newString	result
keyword	keyword	keyword	keyword
keyword	keyword	text	keyword
keyword	text	keyword	keyword
keyword	text	text	keyword
text	keyword	keyword	keyword
text	keyword	text	keyword
text	text	keyword	keyword
text	text	text	keyword

Examples

This example replaces any occurrence of the word "World" with the word "Universe":

		ROW str = "Hello World"
| EVAL str = REPLACE(str, "World", "Universe")

str:keyword
Hello Universe

This example removes all spaces:

		ROW str = "Hello World"
| EVAL str = REPLACE(str, "\\\\s+", "")

str:keyword
HelloWorld

`REVERSE`

Syntax

Parameters

str: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Returns a new string representing the input string in reverse order.

Supported types

str	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Examples

ROW message = "Some Text" | EVAL message_reversed = REVERSE(message);

message:keyword	message_reversed:keyword
Some Text	txeT emoS

REVERSE works with unicode, too! It keeps unicode grapheme clusters together during reversal.

		ROW bending_arts = "💧🪨🔥💨" | EVAL bending_arts_reversed = REVERSE(bending_arts);
		
	

bending_arts:keyword	bending_arts_reversed:keyword
💧🪨🔥💨	💨🔥🪨💧

`RIGHT`

Syntax

Parameters

string: The string from which to returns a substring.
length: The number of characters to return.

Description

Return the substring that extracts length chars from str starting from the right.

Supported types

string	length	result
keyword	integer	keyword
text	integer	keyword

Example

		FROM employees
| KEEP last_name
| EVAL right = RIGHT(last_name, 3)
		
	

last_name:keyword	right:keyword
Awdeh	deh
Azuma	uma
Baek	aek
Bamford	ord
Bernatsky	sky

`RTRIM`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Removes trailing whitespaces from a string.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW message = "   some text  ",  color = " red "
| EVAL message = RTRIM(message)
| EVAL color = RTRIM(color)
| EVAL message = CONCAT("'", message, "'")
| EVAL color = CONCAT("'", color, "'")
		
	

message:keyword	color:keyword
' some text'	' red'

`SHA1`

Syntax

Parameters

input: Input to hash.

Description

Computes the SHA1 hash of the input.

Supported types

input	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		FROM sample_data
| WHERE message != "Connection error"
| EVAL sha1 = sha1(message)
| KEEP message, sha1
		
	

message:keyword	sha1:keyword
Connected to 10.1.0.1	42b85531a79088036a17759db7d2de292b92f57f
Connected to 10.1.0.2	d30db445da2e9237c9718d0c7e4fb7cbbe9c2cb4
Connected to 10.1.0.3	2733848d943809f0b10cad3e980763e88afb9853
Disconnected	771e05f27b99fd59f638f41a7a4e977b1d4691fe

`SHA256`

Syntax

Parameters

input: Input to hash.

Description

Computes the SHA256 hash of the input.

Supported types

input	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		FROM sample_data
| WHERE message != "Connection error"
| EVAL sha256 = sha256(message)
| KEEP message, sha256
		
	

message:keyword	sha256:keyword
Connected to 10.1.0.1	6d8372129ad78770f7185554dd39864749a62690216460752d6c075fa38ad85c
Connected to 10.1.0.2	b0db24720f15857091b3c99f4c4833586d0ea3229911b8777efb8d917cf27e9a
Connected to 10.1.0.3	75b0480188db8acc4d5cc666a51227eb2bc5b989cd8ca912609f33e0846eff57
Disconnected	04dfac3671b494ad53fcd152f7a14511bfb35747278aad8ce254a0d6e4ba4718

`SPACE`

Syntax

Parameters

number: Number of spaces in result.

Description

Returns a string made of number spaces.

Supported types

number	result
integer	keyword

Example

ROW message = CONCAT("Hello", SPACE(1), "World!");

message:keyword
Hello World!

`SPLIT`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.
delim: Delimiter. Only single byte delimiters are currently supported.

Description

Split a single valued string into multiple strings.

Supported types

string	delim	result
keyword	keyword	keyword
keyword	text	keyword
text	keyword	keyword
text	text	keyword

Example

		ROW words="foo;bar;baz;qux;quux;corge"
| EVAL word = SPLIT(words, ";")

words:keyword	word:keyword
foo;bar;baz;qux;quux;corge	[foo,bar,baz,qux,quux,corge]

`STARTS_WITH`

Syntax

Parameters

str: String expression. If null, the function returns null.
prefix: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Returns a boolean that indicates whether a keyword string starts with another string.

Supported types

str	prefix	result
keyword	keyword	boolean
keyword	text	boolean
text	keyword	boolean
text	text	boolean

Example

		FROM employees
| KEEP last_name
| EVAL ln_S = STARTS_WITH(last_name, "B")
		
	

last_name:keyword	ln_S:boolean
Awdeh	false
Azuma	false
Baek	true
Bamford	true
Bernatsky	true

`SUBSTRING`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.
start: Start position.
length: Length of the substring from the start position. Optional; if omitted, all positions after start are returned.

Description

Returns a substring of a string, specified by a start position and an optional length.

Supported types

string	start	length	result
keyword	integer	integer	keyword
text	integer	integer	keyword

Examples

This example returns the first three characters of every last name:

		FROM employees
| KEEP last_name
| EVAL ln_sub = SUBSTRING(last_name, 1, 3)
		
	

last_name:keyword	ln_sub:keyword
Awdeh	Awd
Azuma	Azu
Baek	Bae
Bamford	Bam
Bernatsky	Ber

A negative start position is interpreted as being relative to the end of the string. This example returns the last three characters of every last name:

		FROM employees
| KEEP last_name
| EVAL ln_sub = SUBSTRING(last_name, -3, 3)
		
	

last_name:keyword	ln_sub:keyword
Awdeh	deh
Azuma	uma
Baek	aek
Bamford	ord
Bernatsky	sky

If length is omitted, substring returns the remainder of the string. This example returns all characters except for the first:

		FROM employees
| KEEP last_name
| EVAL ln_sub = SUBSTRING(last_name, 2)
		
	

last_name:keyword	ln_sub:keyword
Awdeh	wdeh
Azuma	zuma
Baek	aek
Bamford	amford
Bernatsky	ernatsky

`TO_BASE64`

Syntax

Parameters

string: A string.

Description

Encode a string to a base64 string.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW a = "elastic"
| EVAL e = TO_BASE64(a)

a:keyword	e:keyword
elastic	ZWxhc3RpYw==

`TO_LOWER`

Syntax

Parameters

str: String expression. If null, the function returns null. The input can be a single-valued column or expression, or a multi-valued column or expression Stack 9.1.0 .

Description

Returns a new string representing the input string converted to lower case.

Supported types

str	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Examples

		ROW message = "Some Text"
| EVAL message_lower = TO_LOWER(message)

message:keyword	message_lower:keyword
Some Text	some text

Stack 9.1.0

ROW v = TO_LOWER(["Some", "Text"])

v:keyword
["some", "text"]

`TO_UPPER`

Syntax

Parameters

str: String expression. If null, the function returns null. The input can be a single-valued column or expression, or a multi-valued column or expression Stack 9.1.0 .

Description

Returns a new string representing the input string converted to upper case.

Supported types

str	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW message = "Some Text"
| EVAL message_upper = TO_UPPER(message)

message:keyword	message_upper:keyword
Some Text	SOME TEXT

`TRIM`

Syntax

Parameters

string: String expression. If null, the function returns null.

Description

Removes leading and trailing whitespaces from a string.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW message = "   some text  ",  color = " red "
| EVAL message = TRIM(message)
| EVAL color = TRIM(color)
		
	

message:s	color:s
some text	red

`URL_ENCODE`

Stack 9.2.0

Syntax

Parameters

string: The URL to encode.

Description

URL-encodes the input. All characters are percent-encoded except for alphanumerics, ., -, _, and ~. Spaces are encoded as +.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

ROW u = "https://example.com/?x=foo bar&y=baz" | EVAL u = URL_ENCODE(u)

u:keyword
https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3Dfoo+bar%26y%3Dbaz

`URL_ENCODE_COMPONENT`

Stack 9.2.0

Syntax

Parameters

string: The URL to encode.

Description

URL-encodes the input. All characters are percent-encoded except for alphanumerics, ., -, _, and ~. Spaces are encoded as %20.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW u = "https://example.com/?x=foo bar&y=baz"
| EVAL u = URL_ENCODE_COMPONENT(u)

u:keyword
https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3Dfoo%20bar%26y%3Dbaz

`URL_DECODE`

Stack 9.2.0

Syntax

Parameters

string: The URL-encoded string to decode.

Description

URL-decodes the input, or returns null and adds a warning header to the response if the input cannot be decoded.

Supported types

string	result
keyword	keyword
text	keyword

Example

		ROW u = "https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%3Fx%3Dfoo%20bar%26y%3Dbaz"
| EVAL u = URL_DECODE(u)

u:keyword
https://example.com/?x=foo bar&y=baz